Browsing by Author "Tshikuka, Jose-Gaby"

Now showing 1 - 4 of 4
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Glycaemic, blood pressure and lowdensity lipoprotein-cholesterol control among patients with diabetes mellitus in a specialised clinic in Botswana: a cross-sectional study
    (BMJ Open, 2019) Mwita, Julius Chacha; Francis, Joel M; Omech, Bernard; Botsile, Elizabeth; Oyewo, Aderonke; Mokgwathi, Matshidiso; Molefe-Baikai, Onkabetse Julia; Godman, Brian; Tshikuka, Jose-Gaby
    Objective Control of glycaemic, hypertension and lowdensity lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is vital for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The current study was an audit of glycaemic, hypertension and LDL-C control among ambulant patients with T2DM in Botswana. Also, the study aimed at assessing factors associated with attaining optimal glycaemic, hypertension and LDL-C therapeutic goals. Design A cross-sectional study. Setting A specialised public diabetes clinic in Gaborone, Botswana. Participants Patients with T2DM who had attended the clinic for ≥3 months between August 2017 and February 2018. Primary outcome measure The proportion of patients with optimal glycaemic (HbA1c<7%), hypertension (blood pressure <140/90 mm Hg) and LDL-C (<1.8 mmol/L) control. Results The proportions of patients meeting optimal targets were 32.3% for glycaemic, 54.2% for hypertension and 20.4% for LDL-C. Age≥ 50 years was positively associated with optimal glycaemic control (adjusted OR [AOR] 5.79; 95% CI 1.08 to 31.14). On the other hand, an increase in diabetes duration was inversely associated with optimal glycemic control (AOR 0.91; 95% CI 0.85 to 0.98). Being on an ACE inhibitor was inversely associated with optimal hypertension control (AOR 0.35; 95% CI 0.14 to 0.85). Being female was inversely associated with optimal LDL-C control (AOR 0.24; 95% CI (0.09 - 0.59). Conclusion Patients with T2DM in Gaborone, Botswana, presented with suboptimal control of recommended glycaemic, hypertension and LDL-C targets. These findings call for urgent individual and health systems interventions to address key determinants of the recommended therapeutic targets among patients with diabetes in this setting.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional survey of general medical outpatient clinics using National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria in Botswana
    (Dovepress, 2016) Omech, Bernard; Tshikuka, Jose-Gaby; Mwita, Julius C; Tsima, Billy; Nkomazana, Oathokwa; Amone-P’Olak, Kennedy
    Background: Low- and middle-income countries, including Botswana, are facing rising prevalence of obesity and obesity-related cardiometabolic complications. Very little information is known about clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in the outpatient setting during routine visits. We aimed to assess the prevalence and identify the determinants of metabolic syndrome among the general outpatients’ attendances in Botswana. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August to October 2014 involving outpatients aged ≥20 years without diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. A precoded questionnaire was used to collect data on participants’ sociodemographics, risk factors, and anthropometric indices. Fasting blood samples were drawn and analyzed for glucose and lipid profile. Metabolic syndrome was assessed using National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Results: In total, 291 participants were analyzed, of whom 216 (74.2%) were females. The mean age of the total population was 50.1 (±11) years. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 27.1% (n=79), with no significant difference between the sexes (female =29.6%, males =20%, P=0.11). A triad of central obesity, low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and elevated blood pressure constituted the largest proportion (38 [13.1%]) of cases of metabolic syndrome, followed by a combination of low high-density lipoprotein, elevated triglycerides, central obesity, and elevated blood pressure, with 17 (5.8%) cases. Independent determinants of metabolic syndrome were antihypertensive use and increased waist circumference. Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in the general medical outpatients clinics. Proactive approaches are needed to screen and manage cases targeting its most important predictors.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    The utilization of HbA1c test in the screening and diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus: An outpatient clinics survey in Botswana
    (Journal of Diabetes and Endocrinology, 2017) Omech, Bernard; Tshikuka, Jose-Gaby; Amone-P’Olak, Kennedy; Mwita, Julius; Tsima, Billy; Nkomazana, Oathokwa
    This study aimed to assess HbA1c performance against single fasting blood glucose (FBG) for diagnosis of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D) and impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) among general medical outpatients in Botswana. Participants aged, ≥20 years were cross-sectionally surveyed from August to October, 2014. All the participants underwent testing for HbA1c and FBG. The HbA1c sensitivity, specificity and predictive values in the diagnosis of T2D and IFG were computed and their Pearson’s correlation and scatter diagrams determined. A total of 291 participants (74.2% women) with a mean age of 50.1±11.0 years provided data for the current analysis. HbA1c at cut-off of ≥ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) had a sensitivity and specificity for T2D of 100 (15.81 to 100.00) and 86.3% (86.16 to 89.92), respectively. Similarly, for IFG, the sensitivity and specificity was 100 (2.5 to 100) and 36.3% (30.3 to 42.6), respectively. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 4.8 (0.58 to 16.16) and 0.6% (0.02 to 3.45) for T2D and IFG screening, respectively. The negative predictive value (NPV) was 100% in both cases of T2D and IFG screening. HbA1c had a modest, positive correlation (r) with FBG for the overall population (r = 0.536, p < 0.001); for women, (r = 0 .578, p < 0.001) and men (r =0 .336, p =0.003). HbA1c had high sensitivity but widely varying specificity, high proportion of discordant results and poor prediction of T2D and IFG in this setting. Although, HbA1c correlation with fasting glucose was modest, both tests are required to improve diagnostic reliability in asymptomatic T2D screening program.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Validity of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score for Detecting Undiagnosed Type 2 Diabetes among General Medical Outpatients in Botswana
    (ournal of diabetes research, 2016) Omech, Bernard; Mwita, Julius Chacha; Tshikuka, Jose-Gaby; Tsima, Billy; Nkomazna, Oathokwa; Amone-P’Olak, Kennedy
    This was a cross-sectional study designed to assess the validity of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score for detecting undiagnosed type 2 diabetes among general medical outpatients in Botswana. Participants aged ≥20 years without previously diagnosed diabetes were screened by (1) an 8-item Finnish diabetes risk assessment questionnaire and (2) Haemoglobin A1c test. Data from291 participants were analyzed (74.2% were females). The mean age of the participants was 50.1 (SD = ±11) years, and the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was 42 (14.4%) with no significant differences between the gender (20% versus 12.5%, 𝑃 = 0.26). The area under curve for detecting undiagnosed diabetes was 0.63 (95% CI 0.55–0.72) for the total population, 0.65 (95% CI: 0.56–0.75) for women, and 0.67 (95% CI: 0.52–0.83) formen.The optimal cut-off point for detecting undiagnosed diabetes was 17 (sensitivity = 48% and specificity = 73%) for the total population, 17 (sensitivity = 56% and specificity = 66%) for females, and 13 (sensitivity = 53% and specificity = 77%) for males.The positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 20% and 89.5%, respectively. The findings indicate that the Finnish questionnaire was only modestly effective in predicting undiagnosed diabetes among outpatients in Botswana.