Browsing by Author "Anokbonggo, William W."

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    Acute toxicity effects of the methanolic extract of Fagara zanthoxyloides (Lam.) root-bark
    (African Health Sciences, 2003) Ogwal-Okeng, Jasper; Obua, Celestino.; Anokbonggo, William W.
    Background: Fagara zanthoxyloides is a well known medicinal plant in Uganda. It is used extensively in malaria and other infections. However nothing is known about its toxicity. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of the methanolic extract of the root-bark of F. zanthoxyloides, in mice. Methods: Methanolic extract of the root-bark of the plant was administered orally to mice at various dose levels to determine the acute toxic effects and the median lethal dose (LD50) in mice. Results: The LD50 of the methanolic extract was found to be 5.0 g/Kg body weight within 95 % confidence limits. The mice showed signs of cerebral irritation before dying. Histopathological examinations of the viscera showed congestion and focal necrosis of the liver and renal tubules. Conclusion: It was concluded that the extract of F. zanthoxyloides is safe, however the cerebral mechanism that lead to the death of the mice need to be investigated further.
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    Chronic alcohol use reduces CD4+counts in HIV/AIDS patients on d4T/3TC/NVP treatment regimen using WHO AUDIT tool and alcohol-use biomarkers
    (Research & Reviews in BioSciences, 2014) Bbosa, Godfrey S.; Kyegombe, David B.; Anokbonggo, William W.; Mugisha, Apollo; Ogwal-Okeng, Jasper
    Alcohol is one of the most abused drugs worldwide by people of different socio-economic status, age groups and including the HIV/AIDS patient on treatment. It is reward drug and a CNS depressant especially at high doses. The study investigated effect of chronic alcohol exposure by HIV/ AIDS patients on d4T/3TC/NVP regimen on CD4+counts inUganda using WHO AUDIT tool and chronic alcohol-use biomarkers. A longitudinal cohort using repeated measures design with serial measurements model was used. TheWHOAUDIT toolwas used to screen patients on stavudine (d4T) 30mg, lamivudine (3TC) 150mg and nevirapine (NVP) 200mg for chronic alcohol use.Atotal of 41 patients (20 alcohol group and 21 control group) were screened for chronic alcohol use. They were followed up for 9 months with blood sampling done at 3 month intervals. CD4+ count was determined using Facscalibur Flow Cytometer equipment. Results were then sorted by alcohol-use biomarkers (GGT, MCV and AST/ALT ratio). Data was analysed using SAS 2003 version 9.1 statistical package with repeatedmeasures fixedmodel and themeanswere compared using student t-test. Themean CD4+ count in all groups were lower than reference ranges at baseline and gradually increased at 3, 6 and 9 month of follow up. The mean CD4+ count in control group were higher in the control group as compared to the chronic alcohol use group in both WHO AUDIT tool group and chronic alcohol-use biomarkers group though there was no significant difference (p>0.05). Chronic alcohol use slightly lowers CD4+ cell count in HIV/AIDS patients on d4T/3TC/NVP treatment regimen.
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    Chronic ethanol use in alcoholic beverages by HIV-infected patients affects the therapeutic window of stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine during the 9-month follow-up period: using chronic alcohol-use biomarkers
    (Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 2013) Bbosa, Godfrey S.; Kyegombe, David B.; Anokbonggo, William W.; Ogwal-Okeng, Jasper; Musoke, David; Odda, John; Lubega, Aloysius; Ntale, Muhammad
    Background: Chronic ethanol use is a global problem including among HIV-infected patients on stavudine/ lamivudine/nevirapine (d4T/3TC/NVP) regimen. The study determined the effect of chronic ethanol use on the therapeutic window of d4T, 3TC and NVP in HIV-infected patients using alcohol-use biomarkers to screen patients for chronic ethanol use. Methods: A case-control study using repeated measures design with serial measurements was used to quantify drugs in plasma. The WHO alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT) tool was initially used to screen patients for chronic alcohol use, and then they were further sorted using alcohol-use bioamarkers (γ-glutamyl transferase ≥ 55.0 IU; mean corpuscular volume, ≥ 96 fl, aspartate amino transferase/ alanine aminotransferase ratio ≥ 2.0 value). A total of 41 patients (26 in the alcohol group and 15 in the control group) were followed up for 9 months with blood sampling done at 3-month intervals. Plasma drug concentrations were quantified using a Shimadzu Class-VP™ HPLC data system version 6.1. Data was analyzed using SAS 2003 version 9.1 statistical package with repeated measures fixed model. Means were compared using Student’s t-test. Results: The mean steady-state plasma drug concentrations of d4T and 3TC in the alcohol group were lower than that in the control group during the 9-month period of follow-up. For 3TC, there was a statistical difference in the mean steady-state plasma drug concentrations between the alcohol group and the control group (p ≤ 0.05) in the 6- and 9-month period of follow-up. For NVP, in both groups they were within the reference ranges, although the drug plasma concentrations were higher in the alcohol group compared to the control group and were statistically significant (p < 0.05) in 0, 3 and 6 months of follow-up. Conclusions: Chronic ethanol use by HIV-infected patients reduced the therapeutic steady-state plasma drug concentrations of d4T and 3TC and increased the NVP drug concentrations in the HIV-infected patients.
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    Review of the Biological and Health Effects of Aflatoxins on Body Organs and Body Systems
    (InTech, 2013) Bbosa, Godfrey S.; Kitya, David; Lubega, A.; Ogwal-Okeng, Jasper; Anokbonggo, William W.; Kyegombe, David B.
    Aflatoxins are a group of naturally occurring carcinogens that are known to contaminate different human and animal food stuffs. Aflatoxins are poisonous by-products from soil-borne fungus Aspergillus, which is responsible for the decomposition of plant materials [1-9]. The occurrence of aflatoxins foods and food products vary with geographic location, agricultural and agronomic practices. The susceptibility of food product to fungal attack occurs during pre-harvest, transportation, storage, and processing of the foods [1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 10]. The problem of aflatoxin contamination of the food products is a common problem in tropical and subtropical regions of the world especially in the developing countries such as the sub-Saharan countries with poor practices and where the environmental conditions of warm temperatures and humidity favors the growth fungi [1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 10]. The various food products contaminated with aflatoxins include cereals like maize, sorghum, pearl millet, rice and wheat; oilseeds such as groundnut, soybean, sunflower and cotton; spices like chillies, black pepper, coriander, turmeric and zinger; tree nuts such as almonds, pistachio, walnuts and coconut; and milk and milk products [11].