Department of Public Administration and Management

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Adolescent Pregnancy and Education Attainment of Female Learners in Iceme Sub County, Oyam District, Northern Uganda
(Journal of Gender Related Studies, 2023) Alyai, Joseph; Acanga, Alfred; Mwesigwa, David
Purpose: This study aimed at determining the factors associated with adolescent pregnancy, motivating factors for girls to stay in school and the effects of adolescent pregnancy on education attainment and livelihoods in Iceme Sub County, Oyam District. Methodology: The study adopted exploratory study using a qualitative phenomenological approach. Using the principle of data saturation, the study engaged thirty-five participants that included adolescent mothers, school head teachers and other education stakeholders in two selected parishes in Iceme Sub County. Findings: Analysis of the responses about the causes of adolescent pregnancy generated five major themes, economic status, peer influence, substance use and abuse, inadequate sex education and domestic violence. Factors motivating girls to stay in school included becoming national leaders, better living condition and independence. It was revealed that the effects of adolescent pregnancy include dropping out of school, being chased away from home, developing complications during and after delivery, poverty and producing so many children. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study suggests adoption of remedial policy measures that include; provision of income generating opportunities to families, strengthening the implementation of policy on domestic violence and violence against children, strengthen peer to peer education/ learning, policy that does not allow sale of drugs and other substance in shops that are not licensed as drug shops and regulated by the National drug authority, provision of counselling and guidance, identification of role models who can offer guidance to girls for them to have a bright future and become national leaders and affirmative action towards girls who return to school after delivery such that they are able to complete their education. This study contributes to the understanding of the plight of adolescent girls face in a post-war region situated in a less-developing nation.
Agricultural policy frameworks and the agricultural sector in Uganda: Analysis of the plan for modernisation of agriculture
(International Journal of Pure Agricultural Advances, 2023) Mwesigwa, David; Oguta, James; Acanga, Alfred
The aim of this study was to evaluate the Plan for Modernization of Agriculture’s effectiveness and offered suggestions. Accessible literature has chosen to deliberately modernize agriculture and acknowledged the necessity to emphasize poverty reduction as a key component. The method for this paper was a review of secondary data on accessible empirical as well as conceptual resources on the agricultural policy frameworks in Uganda encompassing the gathering of information from obtainable resources. The findings suggest that agricultural policy frameworks are essential for fostering transformation in the industry. Prior efforts to combat poverty have concentrated on the policy content and disregarded other factors, such as community livelihoods. The study assumes collaborative arrangement between local stakeholders, including those who might otherwise be targeted, in determining the success (or failure) of prior interventions and training them to deal with the problems that have hampered their effectiveness. It can be noted that for Uganda’s agricultural transformation to be successful, a thorough study should be made of all the policies that have been put in place since 2000.
Analysis of the quality of local council elections in Hoima city, mid-western Uganda
(International Journal of Developing Country Studies, 2022) Mwesigwa, David; Acanga, Alfred; Chono, Oryang Alex; Oboi, Alex; Obici, Gilbert
Purpose: The aim of this study was to discuss the quality of local council elections by exploring factors that influence vote buying and vote selling during electoral seasons in Uganda. Methodology: A cross-sectional study aimed at promoting free, fair and credible local council elections in Hoima city. The study was conducted in one city ward that is part of Hoima City Cohort Study (HCCS). The HCCS is a population-based cohort that was identified for purposes of this study. A total of 28 registered voters, resident in four study areas were enrolled into the study. Data were collected on socio-econ-political related characteristics. A regression model was used to generate voting frequency as a measure of association for factors that were associated with voter bribery. Findings: Results suggest that voter bribery was high; higher in men than in women. Less than half had participated in more than two previous local council elections while slightly more than half were taking part in the second election. After adjusting for potential and suspected confounder, the factors that were negatively associated with voter bribery were: greed, poverty, and expectations; political party/candidate influence and lack of self-control were positively associated with voter bribery. Since political party/candidate influence and lack of self-control were positively associated with voter bribery in the area of study, targeting those having exorbitant resources to tempt voters may help reduce voter bribery in this area. Unique Contribution to Policy and Practice: The results of this study may be useful to policy and practice since they can facilitate managers of electoral management bodies as well as political parties to evolve frameworks that can facilitate credible electoral processes.
The Efficacy of E-Governance Policy and Practice in Uganda: A Perspective Review
(Public Policy and Administration Research, 2022) Acanga, Alfred; Mwesigwa, David; Chono, Oryang Alex; Oboi, Alex
The Arab Spring foregrounded a new reality that a digitally disruptive and highly networked world presents a wicked governance problem for governments seeking to enact effective governance systems in an era where citizen’s unconventional digital mobilization can unseat repressive and unresponsive governments. This reinforces the need for spontaneous, contextually grounded and participatory e-governance mechanisms given their normative and transformative capacity to shift beliefs and norms of policy makers, enhance quality of policy outputs, elicit public confidence and heighten government’s legitimacy. In this paper, the authors assess the efficacy of Uganda’s e-governance policy, praxis and challenges as part of the broader e-governance discourse in the global south. The outcomes reveal that Uganda has instituted excellent legal, institutional and infrastructural e-governance mechanisms, but the conspicuous absence of political will, by an increasingly vulnerable political elite class, hampers sustainability of effective e-governance. Measures like rash and selective application of laws, introduction of new repressive laws, coercive means including violence and arbitrary arrest for dissenting opinions, increased state sponsored online and offline surveillance, internet shutdowns, network disruptions, online harassment, remote intrusion of civil society websites, and censorship, only further shrink civic space ultimately knocking both trust and legitimacy. Therefore, we propose that government prioritizes expansion of civic space to allow favourably reflexive and participatory citizen engagement as a pathway to enhanced quality of policy outputs and governance as a means to achieve its Vision 2040 by way of digital infrastructure, connectivity, legal and institutional frameworks and media freedom are dependent on political will.
Firming non-political actors to enhance the quality of urban service delivery. A review on the City Development Forums in Uganda
(Journal of Governance and Accountability Studies (JGAS), 2023) Mwesigwa, David; Acanga, Alfred; Chono, Oryang Alex; Oboi, Alex
Purpose: This study aimed to explore the dependability of non political forums specifically considering the City Development Forums in Uganda. This investigation was motivated by the idea of City Development Forums being a known spectrum for Non Political Forums to play a role in affairs otherwise affecting a City or Municipality. Research methodology: A Desk review method was adopted in which data was collected from obtainable resources specifically Publications, the Internet, Official Reports, etc., followed by cross referencing and collation of data. Results: The outcomes reveal that a set of six principles inform City Development Forums, viz. shared accountability of every stakeholder in ensuring sustainable development; integrated planning framework for sustainable urban development; effective coordination among every urban stakeholder; local teamwork and networking; bottom-up broad-based stakeholder participatory consultations; and mobilization of resources for sustainable urban development. Limitations: This study adopted a review of secondary data yet if primary data were to be used, maybe, the results would have been different. Therefore, a different study can be conducted using primary data to determine whether these results hold sway and, if any, the justifications for the noticeable variances. Contribution: This study contributes to the understanding of local community development initiatives using the empowerment approach
The involvement of Non-Governmental Organizations activities in Household Poverty reduction in Oyam District, Uganda
(International Journal of Developing Country Studies, 2022) Ocen, Patrick; Acanga, Alfred; Mwesigwa, David
Purpose: This study examined the contribution of NGO activities on poverty reduction in Oyam District-Northern Uganda and recommends strategies for improving wellbeing of people of the region and entirely Uganda as a Country. This was based on account that, Oyam District was estimated with the lowest annual GDP per capita of 223 USD compared to the neighbouring Districts of Apac and Kole with the annual GDP per capita of 228 USD and 230 USD respectively Methodology: The study used a correlational design with correlational and regression methods of analysis. It was conducted among beneficiaries of selected NGOs comprising a sample of 290 from a population of 860. Findings: This study reveals a significant and positive contribution of NGO activities to poverty reduction in Oyam District and that NGO activities has a moderate relationship with household poverty level in Oyam District. The results further show that the financial support provided by NGOs significantly contributes to poverty reduction while the food security support provided does not. Conclusion and recommendations: It is established that NGO activities contribute significantly to poverty reduction in Oyam District. This study recommends that the food security support be backed with the provision of market for the agricultural products of the NGO beneficiaries and in order to create income for them. The study further recommends for the NGO support to agricultural product market search for their beneficiaries as well as forming the beneficiaries in different groups and train them on financial literacy for better management of finances. Unique contributions to policy and/or practice: This study contributes positively to the understanding of non-state actors and the role they play in reducing poverty among communities that are recovering from decades of civil war in Uganda.
Leadership Styles and Job Satisfaction in Lira District Local Government
(Lira University, 2021) Ocen, Martin Odyek; Ejang, Mary; Acanga, Alfred
The study examined the relationship between leadership styles and job satisfaction among employees in Lira District Local Government. Specifically, the study explored the leadership styles practiced in Lira District Local Government, established the level of job satisfaction among the employees of Lira District Local Government and examined the relationship between the leadership styles exhibited by the leadership institutions and job satisfaction in Lira District Local Government. The study used cross sectional design to collect and analyze both quantitative and qualitative data from a respondent category of council; the chairpersons, the Resident District Commissioner and chief administrative officer who constituted 92 employees of Lira District local government of salary category U4-U2. Simple random sampling, purposive sampling and stratified sampling techniques were used to select 92 study units for investigation purposes. Questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect data while descriptive statistics were used to measure leadership styles and job satisfaction. Correlation coefficient was used to test the relationship between job satisfaction and leadership styles. The findings indicated that democratic leadership style (mean=3.855, SD=0.403) was the most practiced leadership style while laisez fairre style (mean=2.581, SD=0.554) was the least practiced in Lira District Local Government. The study found that job satisfaction among employees was above average, which was confirmed by the overall mean of job satisfaction of (mean=3.513, SD= 0.786), which indicated the level of satisfaction. The study found that job satisfaction is positively and significantly correlated with autocratic leadership style (r=0.554, p< 0.05), democratic leadership style (r=0.639, p<0.05) and transformational leadership style (r=0.474, p< 0.05) while the correlation between laissez fairre leadership style and job performance indicated a positive significant relationship (r=0.069, p> 0.05). the study concluded that the application of autocratic, democratic and transformational leadership style leads to job. The study therefore, recommends that leaders and management of lira district local government should promote and embrace the use of democratic and transformational leadership style in their leadership since it has a significant relationship with job satisfaction
Non-Governmental Organizations’ Activities and Household Poverty in Oyam District-Northern Uganda
(Lira University, 2022) Ocen, Patrick; Acanga, Alfred
Background: The study examined the contribution of NGO activities on poverty reduction in Oyam District-Northern Uganda and recommends strategies for improving well being of the people in the region and entirely Uganda as a country. This was based on account that, Oyam District was estimated with the lowest annual GDP per capita of 223 USD compare to the neighboring districts of Apac and Kole with the annual GDP per capita of 228 USD and 230 USD respectively and also the escalating poverty level in Lango Sub-Region where Oyam is located as indicated by UNICEF (2020) and UBOS 2019/2020 reports. Specifically, the study examined the relationship between NGO activities and poverty reduction, explored the contribution of financial support activities on poverty reduction, analysed the contribution of food security support activities on poverty reduction, and explored the role of community perception on the relationship between Ngo activities and poverty reduction in Oyam District. Methods: The study used correlational research designs with correlational and regression methods of analysis. The study was conducted among beneficiaries of selected NGOs and other key informants. The researcher selected a sample of 290 from a population of 860 NGO beneficiaries and key informants using simple random and purposive sampling techniques respectively. Findings: The findings of this study show that there is a significant and positive contribution of NGO activities on poverty reduction in Oyam District and that NGO activities have a moderate relationship with household poverty level in Oyam District. The results further show that financial support provided by NGOs significantly contributes to poverty reduction while food security provided does not. Conclusion: The study concludes that NGO activities contribute significantly to poverty reduction in Oyam District. Recommendations: This study recommends that the food security support provided be backed with the provision of market for the agricultural products of the NGO beneficiaries and in order to create income for them. The study further recommends that NGO support to agricultural product market search for their beneficiaries as well as forming the beneficiaries in different groups and train them on financial literacy for better management of finances. Key Words: Non-Governmental Organizations, Household and Poverty
A perspective review on the paradigm shift in Local Economic Development interventions in developmental Uganda
(International Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 2022) Mwesigwa, David; Acanga, Alfred; Chono, Oryang Alex; Oboi, Alex
Purpose: The purpose of this article is to investigate the success of one LED intervention – the youth livelihood program from obtainable literature. Methodology: This study adopted a desk review method using secondary data from obtainable policy, theoretical and empirical literature. Findings: Results suggest a recurrent problem in the selection of beneficiaries, inept business management skills of the youth selected and/or administrative incompetence of fund administrators. Consequently, the need to refocus the current training on agricultural value addition training with a view of meeting the credit value criteria of Commercial Banks and relevant agencies tasked with disbursement of Youth Entrepreneurship Funds is key. Recommendations: It is encouraged that training of youth in business development, scaling, marketing, and management be integrated into the BTVET curriculum and supported by mentorship programs upon completion of their formal training. Also, mentorships and business incubators and/or hubs need to be set up and to be accessed by the youth themselves country wide. Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This analysis contributes to the LED policy and YLP practice seeing that it targets household level income generation, creation of prosperity and enhanced sources of revenue, as well as giving support to the active poor to progress basing on the available means.
A perspective review on the policy, practice and challenges of embracing e-governance in Uganda
(Journal of Modern Law and Policy, 2022) Acanga, Alfred; Mwesigwa, David; Chono, Oryang Alex; Oboi, Alex
Purpose: Regarding the efficacy of e-governance in a developmental state, the central demand is whether the policy and practice of e-governance has, as espoused and executed, been effective in Uganda? In a bid to address this touchy demand, it would at the outset be indispensable to develop some cognizance of the anatomy and challenges hindering its efficacy in developmental governance. E-governance policy, as a universal idea of modern governments encapsulate a system by facilitating the numerous functions and activities of Ministries, Departments and Agencies. This article wishes to evaluate a selection of functions, in the public sector, that encountered a digital migration to e-governance in terms of their effectiveness as developmental state functions. Methodology: This study was entirely based on a review of literature on e-governance covering specific aspects of policy and practice in Uganda, the region and other places outside the continent. Findings and unique contribution to theory, policy and practice: This study offers the policy context of e-governance along with debates on the effectiveness of selected functions in a developmental state. The article centres on the efficacy of e-governance operation within a rather multifaceted environment. Consequently, the authors suggest that research on e-governance can be embraced as a means, by government, to improve both the policy and practices at both central government and local government levels.
Prevalence of workplace bullying and its consequence to employee productivity among civil society organizations in Lira City, Uganda
(Human Resource and Leadership Journal, 2022) Otema, Opio Denis; Acanga, Alfred; Mwesigwa, David
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of the prevalence of workplace bullying on employee productivity of CSOs in Lira City by focussing on three aspects, viz. workplace bullying and employee attendance, workplace bullying and employee efficiency, and workplace bullying and teamwork. Methodology: This study used descriptive case study and correlational designs. The study employed a mixed methods approach, involving the collection and analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data. Primary data from the field was collected by the researcher using research tools. Primary data were obtained first-hand from the target respondents defined by seeking their knowledge, experiences and/or opinions about the impact of workplace bullying on employees’ productivity. External validity which refers to the extent to which the findings of a particular can have credibility and generalizability across populations, contexts and time, the researcher triangulated using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Findings: Results that workplace bullying is significantly prevalent among the institutions investigated (Mean = 3.614; std. = 1.02) and from the highest extreme, the study shows that superiors maliciously discount the achievements of the subordinates (mean = 3.766; std. = 1.042). The statistics suggest that a variation in workplace bullying is associated to a weak variation in workers’ absenteeism. The significant value shows that the correlation is significant and that workplace bullying and employee absenteeism are linearly related. Also, the results show that bullying contributes 11% (R Square = .101) of the variations in employee productivity however when treated in isolation, the effect of workplace bullying is not adequate to explain the level of absenteeism among the selected institutions. So a variation in bullying practices is associated to a variation in slowdown of work even if is not very significant. This can be attributed to the fact that slowdown does not mean complete withdrawal of labour like absenteeism, and therefore its ramifications on productivity is not severe. Conclusion and recommendations: From the study, it was inferred workplace bullying negatively affect productivity in international non-governmental organizations due to the fact that bullied employees continuously complain of depression and mental illness which put them in the maze of absenting from work. Even when they keep coming for work, bullied employees complain of nervous breakdown and feign sickness just to escape the hostile work environment. Hence, the need to create awareness about what bullying is and how it can be prevented, as a starting point for creating conducive working environments, and organisational managers should not take workplace bullying lightly but should take it as something costly for organizations and therefore should be prevented or redressed by putting in place anti-bullying policies and measures. Unique contribution to policy and or practice: This study provides additional evidence to the Lira context as well as helping to widen the methodology of measuring this relationship between workplace bullying and worker productivity.
The Role of Community Saving Initiatives in Poverty Reduction: An Appraisal of Saving Groups in Alebtong District, Mid-North Uganda
(International Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 2023) Okuna, Victor; Acanga, Alfred; Mwesigwa, David; ;
Purpose: This study examined the significance of saving groups on poverty reduction in Alebtong district. Three objectives guided the study, viz. (i) to determine the effect of shares provided by saving groups towards community development in Amugu sub-county; (ii) to assess the implication of saving groups towards poverty reduction in Amugu sub-county; and (iii) to discuss the challenges faced by saving groups in Amugu sub-county. Methodology: The study employed a cross-sectional research design and data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data was analysed in terms of descriptive statistics and correlational analysis using SPSS version 20 in order to ascertain the relationship between saving groups and poverty reduction. Results: The study revealed that there is a significant positive relationship between saving groups and poverty reduction (r=0.389, p<0.01). This is realised through employment creation, access to financial services, quality education, quality health services, improvement in household resources, improved nutrition and acquisition of household assets. Shares provided by group members contribute towards community development through promoting access to loan, improving households living condition, promote access to quality education when borrowed, quality health care services, group members earn a lot of money at the end of every year and they get a lot of interest. It was further uncovered that several challenges affect saving groups, for example, inadequate capital, maltreatment from leaders, inadequate funding, corruption, less government support, high competition from the formal sector, inadequate training among group leaders and illiteracy. It was inferred that increased support, from the government of Uganda towards saving groups can promote normal functionality besides financial security. And espousing community capacity development can enhance the effectiveness of financial management among saving groups in Alebtong district.Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: It was recommended that the government should increase support for saving groups, specifically targeting financial support, capacity building, and security for finance among the saving groups. Also, there is need for local governments to improve the degree of supervision among saving groups besides community sensitization.
The role of Non-Governmental organisations in enhancing household poverty reduction in Uganda: a review of literature
(International Journal of Developing Country Studies, 2022) Ocen, Patrick; Acanga, Alfred; Mwesigwa, David
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to discuss the contribution of Non-Governmental Organisations in enhancing poverty reduction among households in Uganda by looking at the relationship between NGO Activities and poverty reduction in Uganda as well as the contribution of NGO activities and poverty reduction in Uganda. Methodology: The study adopted a literature review of available data on Uganda, the region and other parts of the world regarding the link between Non-governmental organisations and household poverty reduction. The sources consulted include academic manuscripts, journals, peer-reviewed books, policy documents, annual reports as well as statistical papers. Findings: Results suggest a positive relationship between microfinance and poverty while most studies confirm that microfinance has a potential outcome on reducing poverty. More, results indicate NGOs’ support to food security and household poverty reduction as well as complex community perception of NGOs activities in poverty reduction, promotion of education and training, health, environmental conservation, and protection against child abuse. Conclusion and recommendations: NGOs might be doing a wonderful service to community members in various countries in the name of poverty reduction, not much of their achievements have been documented. It was even more paramount that, Uganda, with many NGOs working along poverty reduction strategies have their achievements studied, documented and widely shared. Thus, the government provides a more conducive working environment for the NGOs to be able to function and operate with less fear from the censorship of state organs; and, an amicable working relationship be forged between government and the NGOs given that the two are partners in community development. Unique contribution to policy and/or practice: This review on the contribution of NGOs to household poverty reduction is essential to national and local policy makers on facilitating the stakeholders to appreciate the fundamental role played by non-state actors in community transformation.
Stakeholder participation and academic performance: A study among primary schools in Alebtong District, Uganda
(American Journal of Education and Learning, 2023) Elepu, Catherine; Acanga, Alfred; Mwesigwa, David
The overarching goal of this study was to establish the link between stakeholder’s partcicpation in planning, monitoring and implementation of school activities and the academic performance of pupils in Abako Sub County, Alebtong district. The study embraced a cross-sectional survey study design using a mixed methods approach. Structured questionnaires were developed by the researcher for data collection from 142 respondents. Measures of central tendency (Frequency, Percentages, Mean and Standard Deviations) were used to describe the variables while correlation and regression analyses were used to establish the direction and strength of the link between study variables. The findings revealed that stakeholder’s participation in monitoring (p=0.015,β=0.326) and participation in implementation (p=0.23,β=0.334) significantly affect pupils’ academic performance in Abako Sub County, Alebtong district. However conducting monitoring, planning and implementation of activities, by stakeholders, accounts for 63.4% variation of all the possible factors that are likely to account for pupils’ academic performance in Alebtong district (Adjusted R2= 0.634). This study valorizes efforts of school management to promote involvement of parents and other significant stakeholders in the planning, monitoring and implementation of activities as a pathway to enhanced pupil performance
Stakeholders’ Participation and Academic Performance among Pupils in Abako Sub-County: Alebtong District
(Lira University, 2023) Elepu, Catherine; Acanga, Alfred
Background: The main thrust of this study was to determine the effect of stakeholders’ participation on academic performance of pupils in Abako Sub County; Alebtong District. Three specific objectives guided the study namely; to examine the effect of stakeholders’ participation in planning of school activities on the academic performance of pupils in Abako Sub County, Alebtong District, to establish the effect of stakeholders’ participation in the implementation of school activities on academic performance in Abako Sub County, Alebtong District and to assess the effect of stakeholders’ participation in monitoring of school activities on academic performance in Abako Sub County, Alebtong District. Methods: The study adopted a cross sectional survey design with a mixed method approach. Structured questionnaires were developed by the researcher for data collection from 142 respondents. Frequency, percentages, mean and standard deviations were used to describe the variables while correlation analysis and regression analysis were used to determine the relationship and effect respectively. Findings: The results from the study revealed that stakeholders’ participation in monitoring (p=0.015, β=0.326) and participation in implementation (p=0.23, β=0.334) significantly affect academic performance of pupils in Alebtong District. However, jointly, planning, implementation and implementation account for 63.4% variation of all the possible factors that are likely to account for pupils’ academic performance in Alebtong District (Adjusted R2=0.634). Conclusion: Therefore, it was concluded that stakeholders’ participation contributes to pupils’ academic performance. Recommendation: The study therefore recommends that school authorities should continue their efforts to encourage parents and other significant stakeholders to take interest and participate in education matters at schools. Keywords: Stakeholders, Stakeholders’ Participation and Academic Performance
Workplace bullying and its consequence to employee productivity in civil society organisations in Lira City, Uganda
(Human Resource and Leadership Journal, 2022) Otema, Opio Denis; Acanga, Alfred; Mwesigwa, David
Purpose: This study sought to investigate the consequence of workplace bullying on employee productivity in CSOs in Uganda. Consequently, three questions were answered, namely: what is the consequence of workplace bullying on employee attendance in civil society organizations? What is the consequence of workplace bullying on employee efficiency in civil society organization? And what is the consequence of workplace bullying on teamwork among employees in civil society organizations? Methodology: This study adopted a literature review method of secondary data from available sources including academic manuscripts, and peer-reviewed journals. Findings: Workplace bullying has negative implications on the productivity of employees, and by extension, negative implications on the productivity of organizations. Workplace bullying diminishes productivity of the organization by causing absenteeism, which deprives an organization of man-hours which should have been put into productivity. It leads to increased absenteeism among employees, which concurs with available studies which observed that the consequences of workplace bullying like absenteeism are liable to affect work performance. Workplace bullying can affect efficiency by altering work tasks and make them difficult or impossible. This way, workplace bullying slowdown work and thereby reduce employees’ productivity. In the same vein, bullying makes employees feel that they are not valued or respected, and as a consequence lose their motivation and become less engaged in work, thereby slowing down work pace and by extension, productivity of the organization. Conclusion and recommendations: From the study, bullying contributes a small portion in the variations in slow down among employees in the selected organizations. While bullied employees disguise themselves to continue working, they waste a lot of time attempting to avoid the bully even if bullying does not contribute to significant amount of work slowdown per day, yet cumulative effects of that have negative ramifications on teamwork and employee productivity in general. Unique contribution to policy and or practice: This study used the substantive theory to review the relationship between workplace and bullying and staff productivity. The study has shown significant influences of workplace bullying absenteeism and teamwork. The results validate the significance of the Substantive theory in studying workplace bullying and its influences on staff productivity. Consequently, management of international non-government organizations should not take workplace bullying lightly but should take it as something costly for organizations and therefore should be prevented or redressed by putting in place anti-bullying policies and measures. Also, CSOs should implement procedures for managing both the oppressors and sufferers of workplace intimidation.

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